Palavras mais comuns em inglês
Esta dica, embora não estritamente relacionada com administração de computadores, pode ser muito útil para quem precisa lidar no seu dia a dia com uma literatura predominantemente em inglês.
Qualquer profissional de informática que não consiga ao menos ler textos em inglês sofre sérios impedimentos no exercício diário de sua profissão.
A boa notícia é que a leitura, e apenas a leitura de textos em inglês, é uma habilidade que pode ser desenvolvida em um espaço de tempo relativamente curto. A leitura pode ser aprendida independentemente do aprendizado da fala, da escrita e da audição.
Para aprender a ler em inglês o aluno deve dominar alguns rudimentos da estrutura da língua. Este domínio é passivo, ou seja, é necessário apenas que se saiba identificar as estruturas para obter a compreensão da mensagem.
E o vocabulário, que é a preocupação maior de todos, não constitui impedimento algum no domínio do idioma. A língua inglesa e a portuguesa possuem diversos elementos em comum. Os cognatos, palavras com origens no latim, como por exemplo a palavra "impossible", ou "impossível", são facilmente identificáveis. Os cognatos respondem por 20% de todos os termos encontrados em textos técnicos.
Eu estou enviando para vocês alguns fatos interessantes de um trabalho que realizei com a coleção de livros online mantida pelo Projeto Gutenberg.
O Projeto Gutenberg é uma iniciativa que tem por objetivo disponibilizar em formato eletrônico livros cujo direito autoral já tenha expirado.
Até hoje já foram convertidos cerca de 1100 livros, principalmente em inglês, porém existem também obras em espanhol, italiano e francês.
O objetivo do trabalho realizado foi identificar as palavras mais comuns da língua inglesa e seu percentual de ocorrência.
Dos 1067 livros disponíveis no dia 29 de setembro de 1997, foram utilizados para o cálculo 1032 livros. Todos estes livros foram combinados em um único arquivo de 440MB de tamanho, contendo 6.615.271 palavras. Deste total foram extraídas 103.590 palavras diferentes, sendo que 78.332 delas ocorrem menos de dez vezes, ou seja, 75% das palavras aparecem com muito pouca frequência.
E o mais interessante, as 250 palavras mais frequentes são responsáveis por 57% do total das palavras. Desta forma, se você conhece estas 250 palavras você já conhece aproximadamente 60% de qualquer texto em inglês.
Juntando-se a estas palavras os cognatos, você tem que aproximadamente 80% do vocabulário de textos técnicos é facilmente identificável.
E ainda mais importante, as 1000 palavras mais comuns totalizam cerca de 99,25% de todas as palavras. Excelente, não?
Então, se você precisa do inglês no seu trabalho, pense em aprender a ler primeiro. Você vai atender à sua necessidade imediata ao mesmo tempo em que se capacita para seguir aprendendo o idioma inglês em sua totalidade. A leitura vai facilitar o aprendizado da fala, da escrita e da audição.
Abaixo segue a lista das 250 palavras mais comuns, o percentual com que ocorrem e um resumo das estatísticas que mencionei acima.
Número de livros: 1032
Tamanho do arquivo combinado: 440MB
Data: 29/09/97
Número total de palavras: 6.615.271
Número total de palavras diferentes: 103.590
Número de palavras que ocorrem menos de dez vezes: 78.332
Número de ocorrências das 250 palavras mais comuns: 3.781.615 (57%)
Número de ocorrências das 1000 palavras mais comuns: 6.565.736 (99.25%)
Palavra Porc. Total Número de Ocorrências
============ =========== =====================
1. the 7.846512 519068
2. of 4.460135 295050
3. and 3.653471 241687
4. to 2.556630 169128
5. in 1.815451 120097
6. was 1.161903 76863
7. that 1.112607 73602
8. his 1.079124 71387
9. he 1.033669 68380
10.it 0.872406 57712
11.with 0.772803 51123
12.as 0.737385 48780
13.by 0.707575 46808
14.for 0.666821 44112
15.is 0.663329 43881
16.had 0.622454 41177
17.but 0.576575 38142
18.which 0.538663 35634
19.on 0.520341 34422
20.be 0.506994 33539
21.at 0.504938 33403
22.not 0.499753 33060
23.they 0.499345 33033
24.from 0.494795 32732
25.were 0.474372 31381
26.their 0.472573 31262
27.this 0.449097 29709
28.or 0.400679 26506
29.have 0.384247 25419
30.you 0.380876 25196
31.her 0.376991 24939
32.who 0.363099 24020
33.all 0.361406 23908
34.him 0.359970 23813
35.an 0.338807 22413
36.so 0.326850 21622
37.are 0.297705 19694
38.one 0.293624 19424
39.she 0.263753 17448
40.my 0.257782 17053
41.them 0.254396 16829
42.we 0.251494 16637
43.been 0.250602 16578
44.no 0.242152 16019
45.me 0.236710 15659
46.if 0.235637 15588
47.said 0.234185 15492
48.there 0.229787 15201
49.when 0.223619 14793
50.would 0.221261 14637
51.more 0.212901 14084
52.will 0.181625 12015
53.some 0.174747 11560
54.what 0.173795 11497
55.into 0.172102 11385
56.has 0.167340 11070
57.could 0.158754 10502
58.than 0.158255 10469
59.out 0.156547 10356
60.then 0.153720 10169
61.up 0.153418 10149
62.its 0.150697 9969
63.man 0.147553 9761
64.time 0.145315 9613
65.now 0.140281 9280
66.two 0.139133 9204
67.upon 0.139057 9199
68.these 0.137984 9128
69.after 0.136533 9032
70.footnote 0.135414 8958
71.may 0.135006 8931
72.only 0.134855 8921
73.other 0.133676 8843
74.see 0.128007 8468
75.such 0.123321 8158
76.do 0.123245 8153
77.great 0.120932 8000
78.very 0.120086 7944
79.any 0.120010 7939
80.your 0.118302 7826
81.about 0.114689 7587
82.made 0.113495 7508
83.our 0.112800 7462
84.well 0.112724 7457
85.first 0.112346 7432
86.most 0.110351 7300
87.like 0.110154 7287
88.before 0.109187 7223
89.little 0.108401 7171
90.himself 0.105287 6965
91.over 0.103760 6864
92.without 0.102868 6805
93.own 0.102808 6801
94.those 0.101644 6724
95.good 0.101266 6699
96.might 0.101175 6693
97.men 0.099361 6573
98.can 0.099331 6571
99.should 0.098817 6537
100. did 0.098741 6532
101. where 0.095824 6339
102. come 0.095763 6335
103. people 0.095627 6326
104. must 0.093450 6182
105. us 0.093057 6156
106. day 0.088991 5887
107. long 0.088825 5876
108. much 0.088810 5875
109. down 0.088311 5842
110. same 0.087676 5800
111. mr 0.083927 5552
112. never 0.083579 5529
113. even 0.083398 5517
114. old 0.082204 5438
115. under 0.081327 5380
116. through 0.080828 5347
117. still 0.080828 5347
118. while 0.080314 5313
119. many 0.080239 5308
120. know 0.079876 5284
121. every 0.079196 5239
122. life 0.078591 5199
123. three 0.077790 5146
124. how 0.077759 5144
125. way 0.077291 5113
126. years 0.076384 5053
127. came 0.076354 5051
128. king 0.074963 4959
129. go 0.073436 4858
130. being 0.072318 4784
131. again 0.070549 4667
132. here 0.069067 4569
133. make 0.068629 4540
134. back 0.068115 4506
135. new 0.067510 4466
136. against 0.066437 4395
137. found 0.065198 4313
138. yet 0.065031 4302
139. say 0.064230 4249
140. too 0.064170 4245
141. last 0.063157 4178
142. though 0.063051 4171
143. head 0.062613 4142
144. away 0.061948 4098
145. right 0.061131 4044
146. hand 0.060693 4015
147. place 0.060375 3994
148. god 0.060209 3983
149. another 0.059136 3912
150. shall 0.059121 3911
151. country 0.058894 3896
152. part 0.058788 3889
153. far 0.058667 3881
154. left 0.057624 3812
155. eyes 0.057534 3806
156. soon 0.056838 3760
157. went 0.055961 3702
158. take 0.055856 3695
159. each 0.055840 3694
160. just 0.055311 3659
161. power 0.055221 3653
162. name 0.054858 3629
163. am 0.054344 3595
164. death 0.054147 3582
165. world 0.053361 3530
166. nor 0.053104 3513
167. mind 0.053104 3513
168. once 0.052923 3501
169. off 0.052243 3456
170. among 0.051699 3420
171. thought 0.051275 3392
172. whom 0.050731 3356
173. house 0.050656 3351
174. get 0.050625 3349
175. nothing 0.050595 3347
176. between 0.050459 3338
177. hundred 0.050278 3326
178. think 0.050096 3314
179. both 0.048978 3240
180. young 0.048887 3234
181. because 0.048509 3209
182. saw 0.048267 3193
183. ever 0.048055 3179
184. let 0.047980 3174
185. themselves 0.047557 3146
186. emperor 0.047345 3132
187. case 0.046680 3088
188. work 0.046241 3059
189. whose 0.046121 3051
190. war 0.046075 3048
191. took 0.045939 3039
192. general 0.045622 3018
193. city 0.045607 3017
194. state 0.045259 2994
195. side 0.044821 2965
196. things 0.044684 2956
197. always 0.044533 2946
198. days 0.043838 2900
199. thus 0.043808 2898
200. face 0.043233 2860
201. night 0.042946 2841
202. less 0.042931 2840
203. give 0.042871 2836
204. asked 0.042825 2833
205. body 0.042538 2814
206. also 0.042311 2799
207. seemed 0.041843 2768
208. four 0.041646 2755
209. non 0.041631 2754
210. son 0.041586 2751
211. whole 0.041525 2747
212. called 0.041193 2725
213. don't 0.040875 2704
214. however 0.040437 2675
215. love 0.040316 2667
216. put 0.040210 2660
217. thousand 0.039893 2639
218. hands 0.039877 2638
219. seen 0.039817 2634
220. tell 0.039530 2615
221. almost 0.039227 2595
222. look 0.039182 2592
223. father 0.039122 2588
224. heart 0.038850 2570
225. few 0.038850 2570
226. got 0.038653 2557
227. five 0.038502 2547
228. nature 0.038366 2538
229. find 0.038184 2526
230. public 0.038094 2520
231. going 0.038063 2518
232. roman 0.037912 2508
233. perhaps 0.037716 2495
234. woman 0.037610 2488
235. since 0.037126 2456
236. having 0.036748 2431
237. arms 0.036718 2429
238. heard 0.036703 2428
239. looked 0.036582 2420
240. age 0.036552 2418
241. gave 0.036008 2382
242. why 0.035992 2381
243. words 0.035781 2367
244. light 0.035524 2350
245. better 0.035312 2336
246. end 0.034934 2311
247. water 0.034919 2310
248. twenty 0.034435 2278
249. until 0.034360 2273
250. others 0.034330 2271
Lista das 1000 palavras mais usadas em inglês
Atendendo a pedidos, estou enviando a lista com as 1000 palavras mais comuns da língua inglesa, que, dentro do experimento relatado na dica de ontem, correspondem a 99,25% de todas as palavras encontradas.
Palavra Porc. Total Número de Ocorrências
============ =========== =====================
the 7.846512 519068
1. of 4.460135 295050
2. and 3.653471 241687
3. to 2.556630 169128
4. in 1.815451 120097
5. was 1.161903 76863
6. that 1.112607 73602
7. his 1.079124 71387
8. he 1.033669 68380
9. it 0.872406 57712
10.with 0.772803 51123
11.as 0.737385 48780
12.by 0.707575 46808
13.for 0.666821 44112
14.is 0.663329 43881
15.had 0.622454 41177
16.but 0.576575 38142
17.which 0.538663 35634
18.on 0.520341 34422
19.be 0.506994 33539
20.at 0.504938 33403
21.not 0.499753 33060
22.they 0.499345 33033
23.from 0.494795 32732
24.were 0.474372 31381
25.their 0.472573 31262
26.this 0.449097 29709
27.or 0.400679 26506
28.have 0.384247 25419
29.you 0.380876 25196
30.her 0.376991 24939
31.who 0.363099 24020
32.all 0.361406 23908
33.him 0.359970 23813
34.an 0.338807 22413
35.so 0.326850 21622
36.are 0.297705 19694
37.one 0.293624 19424
38.she 0.263753 17448
39.my 0.257782 17053
40.them 0.254396 16829
41.we 0.251494 16637
42.been 0.250602 16578
43.no 0.242152 16019
44.me 0.236710 15659
45.if 0.235637 15588
46.said 0.234185 15492
47.there 0.229787 15201
48.when 0.223619 14793
49.would 0.221261 14637
50.more 0.212901 14084
51.will 0.181625 12015
52.some 0.174747 11560
53.what 0.173795 11497
54.into 0.172102 11385
55.has 0.167340 11070
56.could 0.158754 10502
57.than 0.158255 10469
58.out 0.156547 10356
59.then 0.153720 10169
60.up 0.153418 10149
61.its 0.150697 9969
62.man 0.147553 9761
63.time 0.145315 9613
64.now 0.140281 9280
65.two 0.139133 9204
66.upon 0.139057 9199
67.these 0.137984 9128
68.after 0.136533 9032
69.footnote 0.135414 8958
70.may 0.135006 8931
71.only 0.134855 8921
72.other 0.133676 8843
73.see 0.128007 8468
74.such 0.123321 8158
75.do 0.123245 8153
76.great 0.120932 8000
77.very 0.120086 7944
78.any 0.120010 7939
79.your 0.118302 7826
80.about 0.114689 7587
81.made 0.113495 7508
82.our 0.112800 7462
83.well 0.112724 7457
84.first 0.112346 7432
85.most 0.110351 7300
86.like 0.110154 7287
87.before 0.109187 7223
88.little 0.108401 7171
89.himself 0.105287 6965
90.over 0.103760 6864
91.without 0.102868 6805
92.own 0.102808 6801
93.those 0.101644 6724
94.good 0.101266 6699
95.might 0.101175 6693
96.men 0.099361 6573
97.can 0.099331 6571
98.should 0.098817 6537
99.did 0.098741 6532
100. where 0.095824 6339
101. come 0.095763 6335
102. people 0.095627 6326
103. must 0.093450 6182
104. us 0.093057 6156
105. day 0.088991 5887
106. long 0.088825 5876
107. much 0.088810 5875
108. down 0.088311 5842
109. same 0.087676 5800
110. mr 0.083927 5552
111. never 0.083579 5529
112. even 0.083398 5517
113. old 0.082204 5438
114. under 0.081327 5380
115. through 0.080828 5347
116. still 0.080828 5347
117. while 0.080314 5313
118. many 0.080239 5308
119. know 0.079876 5284
120. every 0.079196 5239
121. life 0.078591 5199
122. three 0.077790 5146
123. how 0.077759 5144
124. way 0.077291 5113
125. years 0.076384 5053
126. came 0.076354 5051
127. king 0.074963 4959
128. go 0.073436 4858
129. being 0.072318 4784
130. again 0.070549 4667
131. here 0.069067 4569
132. make 0.068629 4540
133. back 0.068115 4506
134. new 0.067510 4466
135. against 0.066437 4395
136. found 0.065198 4313
137. yet 0.065031 4302
138. say 0.064230 4249
139. too 0.064170 4245
140. last 0.063157 4178
141. though 0.063051 4171
142. head 0.062613 4142
143. away 0.061948 4098
144. right 0.061131 4044
145. hand 0.060693 4015
146. place 0.060375 3994
147. god 0.060209 3983
148. another 0.059136 3912
149. shall 0.059121 3911
150. country 0.058894 3896
151. part 0.058788 3889
152. far 0.058667 3881
153. left 0.057624 3812
154. eyes 0.057534 3806
155. soon 0.056838 3760
156. went 0.055961 3702
157. take 0.055856 3695
158. each 0.055840 3694
159. just 0.055311 3659
160. power 0.055221 3653
161. name 0.054858 3629
162. am 0.054344 3595
163. death 0.054147 3582
164. world 0.053361 3530
165. nor 0.053104 3513
166. mind 0.053104 3513
167. once 0.052923 3501
168. off 0.052243 3456
169. among 0.051699 3420
170. thought 0.051275 3392
171. whom 0.050731 3356
172. house 0.050656 3351
173. get 0.050625 3349
174. nothing 0.050595 3347
175. between 0.050459 3338
176. hundred 0.050278 3326
177. think 0.050096 3314
178. both 0.048978 3240
179. young 0.048887 3234
180. because 0.048509 3209
181. saw 0.048267 3193
182. ever 0.048055 3179
183. let 0.047980 3174
184. themselves 0.047557 3146
185. emperor 0.047345 3132
186. case 0.046680 3088
187. work 0.046241 3059
188. whose 0.046121 3051
189. war 0.046075 3048
190. took 0.045939 3039
191. general 0.045622 3018
192. city 0.045607 3017
193. state 0.045259 2994
194. side 0.044821 2965
195. things 0.044684 2956
196. always 0.044533 2946
197. days 0.043838 2900
198. thus 0.043808 2898
199. face 0.043233 2860
200. night 0.042946 2841
201. less 0.042931 2840
202. give 0.042871 2836
203. asked 0.042825 2833
204. body 0.042538 2814
205. also 0.042311 2799
206. seemed 0.041843 2768
207. four 0.041646 2755
208. non 0.041631 2754
209. son 0.041586 2751
210. whole 0.041525 2747
211. called 0.041193 2725
212. don't 0.040875 2704
213. however 0.040437 2675
214. love 0.040316 2667
215. put 0.040210 2660
216. thousand 0.039893 2639
217. hands 0.039877 2638
218. seen 0.039817 2634
219. tell 0.039530 2615
220. almost 0.039227 2595
221. look 0.039182 2592
222. father 0.039122 2588
223. heart 0.038850 2570
224. few 0.038850 2570
225. got 0.038653 2557
226. five 0.038502 2547
227. nature 0.038366 2538
228. find 0.038184 2526
229. public 0.038094 2520
230. going 0.038063 2518
231. roman 0.037912 2508
232. perhaps 0.037716 2495
233. woman 0.037610 2488
234. since 0.037126 2456
235. having 0.036748 2431
236. arms 0.036718 2429
237. heard 0.036703 2428
238. looked 0.036582 2420
239. age 0.036552 2418
240. gave 0.036008 2382
241. why 0.035992 2381
242. words 0.035781 2367
243. light 0.035524 2350
244. better 0.035312 2336
245. end 0.034934 2311
246. water 0.034919 2310
247. twenty 0.034435 2278
248. until 0.034360 2273
249. others 0.034330 2271
250. till 0.034315 2270
251. done 0.034042 2252
252. rather 0.033967 2247
253. feet 0.033967 2247
254. half 0.033906 2243
255. army 0.033891 2242
256. enough 0.033876 2241
257. several 0.033831 2238
258. small 0.033755 2233
259. within 0.033559 2220
260. second 0.033559 2220
261. thing 0.033272 2201
262. turned 0.033226 2198
263. present 0.033211 2197
264. began 0.033181 2195
265. taken 0.033075 2188
266. either 0.033045 2186
267. order 0.032727 2165
268. history 0.032606 2157
269. land 0.032516 2151
270. master 0.032470 2148
271. true 0.032365 2141
272. quixote 0.032213 2131
273. year 0.032032 2119
274. sea 0.032017 2118
275. voice 0.031881 2109
276. sancho 0.031760 2101
277. reason 0.031609 2091
278. itself 0.031442 2080
279. iii 0.031427 2079
280. set 0.031397 2077
281. above 0.031397 2077
282. i'm 0.031352 2074
283. moment 0.031110 2058
284. empire 0.031049 2054
285. round 0.030959 2048
286. it's 0.030928 2046
287. white 0.030808 2038
288. knew 0.030808 2038
289. course 0.030717 2032
290. therefore 0.030687 2030
291. near 0.030551 2021
292. already 0.030551 2021
293. number 0.030535 2020
294. does 0.030414 2012
295. states 0.030384 2010
296. told 0.030369 2009
297. given 0.030354 2008
298. poor 0.030324 2006
299. human 0.030324 2006
300. home 0.030309 2005
301. times 0.030142 1994
302. certain 0.030127 1993
303. government 0.030021 1986
304. cause 0.029961 1982
305. mother 0.029885 1977
306. law 0.029885 1977
307. replied 0.029810 1972
308. cannot 0.029795 1971
309. during 0.029674 1963
310. something 0.029659 1962
311. passed 0.029644 1961
312. high 0.029598 1958
313. brought 0.029462 1949
314. room 0.029326 1940
315. alone 0.029251 1935
316. lost 0.029235 1934
317. large 0.029160 1929
318. church 0.028963 1916
319. often 0.028797 1905
320. air 0.028797 1905
321. rome 0.028752 1902
322. six 0.028328 1874
323. along 0.028253 1869
324. sir 0.028177 1864
325. chapter 0.028132 1861
326. together 0.028056 1856
327. became 0.028056 1856
328. means 0.027830 1841
329. use 0.027678 1831
330. quite 0.027557 1823
331. best 0.027437 1815
332. stood 0.027421 1814
333. fact 0.027376 1811
334. adam 0.027285 1805
335. laws 0.027270 1804
336. boy 0.027074 1791
337. says 0.027059 1790
338. want 0.026756 1770
339. cried 0.026711 1767
340. friend 0.026454 1750
341. word 0.026424 1748
342. felt 0.026424 1748
343. full 0.026212 1734
344. known 0.026197 1733
345. i'll 0.026152 1730
346. children 0.026106 1727
347. door 0.026076 1725
348. gold 0.026016 1721
349. next 0.025955 1717
350. spirit 0.025940 1716
351. child 0.025819 1708
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